COVID-19

COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, first identified in late 2019. It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms range from mild including fever, cough, and fatigue to severe respiratory illness and death. The virus swept across the world in 2020, prompting the World Health Organization to declare it a global pandemic. Multiple variants emerged over the course of the pandemic, including Beta, Delta, and Omicron, each with differing levels of transmissibility and clinical severity. 

During the COVID-19 pandemic, CAPRISA provided scientific leadership at both national and global levels. CAPRISA Director Prof Salim Abdool Karim served as Chair of the South African Ministerial Advisory Committee on COVID-19, advising the Minister of Health and the National Department of Health. Prof Quarraisha Abdool Karim served on the Public Health sub-committee and the Executive Group of the International Steering Committee for the COVID-19 SOLIDARITY Trial. CAPRISA also contributed critical epidemiological evidence establishing the higher transmissibility and lower clinical severity of the Omicron variant compared to the Beta and Delta variants. On the ground, CAPRISA conducted epidemiological and phylogenetic studies tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across urban and rural KwaZulu-Natal, deployed its mobile clinic for community outreach, and supported provincial and national health authorities in their pandemic response. 

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  • Hobbs FR, Gbinigie-Thompson OA, Shanyinde M, Yu LM, Harris V, Dorward J, Hayward G, Saville BR, Berry NS, Evans PH, Thomas NP. Favipiravir for COVID-19 in adults in the community in PRINCIPLE, an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial of short-and longer-term outcomes. Journal of Infection. 2024 Oct 1;89(4):106248.

  • Richardson SI, Mzindle N, Motlou T, Manamela NP, van der Mescht MA, Lambson BE, Everatt J, Amoako DG, Balla S, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, de Beer Z, de Villiers TR, Bodenstein A, van den Berg G, Abdullah F, Rossouw TM, Boswell MT, Ueckermann V, Bhiman JN, Moore PL. SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 infection triggers more cross-reactive FcγRIIIa signaling and neutralization than BA.1, in the context of hybrid immunity. J Virol. 2024 Jul 23;98(7):e0067824. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00678-24. Epub 2024 Jul 2. PMID: 38953380; PMCID: PMC11265454.

  • Tlhaku K, Msimango L, Sookrajh Y, Milford C, Munatsi P, Gray A, Maraj M, Garrett N, Dorward J. Healthcare worker perspectives on adaptations to differentiated anti-retroviral therapy delivery during COVID-19 in South Africa: A qualitative inquiry. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024 Aug 9;4(8):e0003517. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003517. PMID: 39121062; PMCID: PMC11315304.

  • Douglass CH, Roe M, Raggatt M, Schlotthauer F, Swe ZY, Main S, Lim MS, Masson L. Young People’s Recommendations for Accessible, Engaging, and Relevant COVID-19 Research Communication in Australia. Youth & Society. 2024 Sep;56(6):1013-32.

  • Sitharam N, Tegally H, Silva DC, Baxter C, de Oliveira T, Xavier JS. SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Epidemiology Dashboards: A Review of Functionality and Technological Frameworks for the Public Health Response. Genes (Basel). 2024 Jul 3;15(7):876. doi: 10.3390/genes15070876. PMID: 39062655; PMCID: PMC11275337.

  • Png ME, Harris V, Grabey J, Hart ND, Jani BD, Butler D, Carson-Stevens A, Coates M, Cureton L, Dobson M, Dorward J, Evans P, Francis N, Gbinigie OA, Hayward G, Holmes J, Hood K, Khoo S, Ahmed H, Lown M, McKenna M, Mort S, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Rahman NM, Richards DB, Thomas NP, van Hecke O, Hobbs R, Little P, Yu LM, Butler CC, Petrou S; PANORAMIC Trial Collaborators. Cost-utility analysis of molnupiravir for high-risk, community-based adults with COVID-19: an economic evaluation of the PANORAMIC trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2024 Jul 25;74(745):e570-e579. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2023.0444. PMID: 38228357; PMCID: PMC11257071.

  • van der Mescht MA, de Beer Z, Steel HC, Anderson R, Masenge A, Moore PL, Bastard P, Casanova JL, Abdullah F, Ueckermann V, Rossouw TM. Aberrant innate immune profile associated with COVID-19 mortality in Pretoria, South Africa. Clin Immunol. 2024 Jul 17;266:110323. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110323. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39029640.

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  • Matubu TA, Yende-Zuma N, Brummel SS, Stranix-Chibanda L, Ogwang LW, Dadabhai S, Atuhaire P, Chauwa F, Gadama L, Fernandez RE, Aizire J, Jackson J, Tobian AAR, Taha TE, Fowler MG. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in African women living with HIV and their infants. BMC Infect Dis. 2024 Jul 11;24(1):693. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09591-8. PMID: 38992577; PMCID: PMC11241888.

  • Zhang Q, Jiao L, Chen Q, Bulstra CA, Geldsetzer P, de Oliveira T, Yang J, Wang C, Bärnighausen T, Chen S. COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2024 Jul 19;13(1):189. doi: 10.1186/s13643-024-02597-y. PMID: 39030630; PMCID: PMC11264703.

  • Lazarus JV, White TM, Wyka K, Ratzan SC, Rabin K, Larson HJ, Martinon-Torres F, Kuchar E, Abdool Karim SS, Giles-Vernick T, Müller S, Batista C, Myburgh N, Kampmann B, El-Mohandes A. Influence of COVID-19 on trust in routine immunization, health information sources and pandemic preparedness in 23 countries in 2023. Nat Med. 2024 Jun;30(6):1559-1563. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02939-2. Epub 2024 Apr 29. PMID: 38684861; PMCID: PMC11186753.

  • Ramphal U, Tshiabuila D, Ramphal Y, Giandhari J, van Heerden C, Baxter C, van Wyk S, Pillay S, Laguda-Akingba O, Wilkinson E, Lessells R, de Oliveira T. Reflective Evaluation of Next-Generation Sequencing Data during Early Phase Detection of the Delta Variant. OBM Genetics. 2024 May;8(2):1-42.

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  • Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Narrative Review Explaining the Role of HLA-A, -B, and -C Molecules in COVID-19 Disease in and around Africa. Infect Dis Rep. 2024 Apr 18;16(2):380-406. doi: 10.3390/idr16020029. PMID: 38667755; PMCID: PMC11049896.

  • Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. HLA-B and C Expression Contributes to COVID-19 Disease Severity within a South African Cohort. Genes (Basel). 2024 Apr 22;15(4):522. doi: 10.3390/genes15040522. PMID: 38674456; PMCID: PMC11050528.

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  • Pool SNT, Shroff EH, Chetty A, Lewis L, Yende-Zuma N, Abdool Karim SS. Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBIBP-CorV vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation and death in the Seychelles infected adult population. PLoS One. 2024 Apr 5;19(4):e0299747. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299747. PMID: 38578809; PMCID: PMC10997067.

  • Planas D, Peng L, Zheng L, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Bruel T, Bhiman JN, Bonaparte M, Savarino S, de Bruyn G, Chicz RM, Moore PL, Schwartz O, Sridhar S. Beta-variant recombinant booster vaccine elicits broad cross-reactive neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 including Omicron variants. Heliyon. 2024 Feb 28;10(5):e27033. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27033. PMID: 38486776; PMCID: PMC10938114.

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  • Karim F, Riou C, Bernstein M, Jule Z, Lustig G, van Graan S, Keeton RS, Upton JL, Ganga Y, Khan K, Reedoy K, Mazibuko M, Govender K, Thambu K, Ngcobo N, Venter E, Makhado Z, Hanekom W, von Gottberg A, Hoque M, Karim QA, Abdool Karim SS, Manickchund N, Magula N, Gosnell BI, Lessells RJ, Moore PL, Burgers WA, de Oliveira T, Moosa MS, Sigal A. Clearance of persistent SARS-CoV-2 associates with increased neutralizing antibodies in advanced HIV disease post-ART initiation. Nat Commun. 2024 Mar 15;15(1):2360. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46673-2. PMID: 38491050; PMCID: PMC10943233.

  • Gengiah TN, Naidoo DC, Maduma N, Govender S, Dhindayal S, Lewis L. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A survey of unvaccinated adults. Health SA. 2024 Feb 1;29:2468. doi: 10.4102/hsag.v29i0.2468. PMID: 38445041; PMCID: PMC10913108.

  • Standing JF, Buggiotti L, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Woodall M, Ellis S, Agyeman AA, Miller C, Okechukwu M, Kirkpatrick E, Jacobs AI, Williams CA, Roy S, Martin-Bernal LM, Williams R, Smith CM, Sanderson T, Ashford FB, Emmanuel B, Afzal ZM, Shields A, Richter AG, Dorward J, Gbinigie O, Van Hecke O, Lown M, Francis N, Jani B, Richards DB, Rahman NM, Yu LM, Thomas NPB, Hart ND, Evans P, Andersson M, Hayward G, Hood K, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Little P, Hobbs FDR, Khoo S, Butler C, Lowe DM, Breuer J; PANORAMIC Virology Group. Randomized controlled trial of molnupiravir SARS-CoV-2 viral and antibody response in at-risk adult outpatients. Nat Commun. 2024 Feb 23;15(1):1652. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45641-0. PMID: 38396069; PMCID: PMC10891158.

  • Takalani A, Robinson M, Jonas P, Bodenstein A, Sambo V, Jacobson B, Louw V, Opie J, Peter J, Rowji P, Seocharan I, Reddy T, Yende-Zuma N, Khutho K, Sanne I, Bekker LG, Gray G, Garrett N, Goga A; Sisonke Study Team. Safety of a second homologous Ad26.COV2.S vaccine among healthcare workers in the phase 3b implementation Sisonke study in South Africa. Vaccine. 2024 Feb 27;42(6):1195-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.066. Epub 2024 Jan 25. PMID: 38278629.

  • Benede N, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Hahnle L, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Facey-Thomas H, Scott C, Day J, Spracklen TF, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, MacGinty R, Botha M, Workman L, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Zar HJ, Ntusi NAB, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. Iscience. 2024 Jan 19;27(1):108728. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108728. PMID: 38235336; PMCID: PMC10792240.

  • Allué-Guardia A, Torrelles JB, Sigal A. Tuberculosis and COVID-19 in the elderly: factors driving a higher burden of disease. Front Immunol. 2023 Sep 27;14:1250198. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250198. PMID: 37841265; PMCID: PMC10569613.

  • Zonozi R, Walters LC, Shulkin A, Naranbhai V, Nithagon P, Sauvage G, Kaeske C, Cosgrove K, Nathan A, Tano-Menka R, Gayton AC, Getz MA, Senjobe F, Worrall D, Iafrate AJ, Fromson C, Montesi SB, Rao DA, Sparks JA, Wallace ZS, Farmer JR, Walker BD, Charles RC, Laliberte K, Niles JL, Gaiha GD. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are elevated in B cell deficiency and reduce risk of severe COVID-19. Sci Transl Med. 2023 Nov 29;15(724):eadh4529. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4529. Epub 2023 Nov 29. PMID: 38019932.

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  • Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on Covid-19 epidemic in South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 2022 April; 77(1): 101–104. doi: 10.1080/0035919X.2021.2011801 https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.2011801

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  • Cele S, Jackson L, Khoury DS, Khan K, Moyo-Gwete T, Tegally H, San JE, Cromer D, Scheepers C, Amoako DG, Karim F, Bernstein M, Lustig G, Archary D, Smith M, Ganga Y, Jule Z, Reedoy K, Hwa SH, Giandhari J, Blackburn JM, Gosnell BI, Abdool Karim SS, Hanekom W; NGS-SA; COMMIT-KZN Team, von Gottberg A, Bhiman JN, Lessells RJ, Moosa MS, Davenport MP, de Oliveira T, Moore PL, Sigal A. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature 2022 Feb; 602(7898):654-656. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8866126/

  • Naranbhai V, Pernat CA, Gavralidis A, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Spring LM, Isakoff SJ, Farmer JR, Zubiri L, Hobbs GS, How J, Brunner AM, Fathi AT, Peterson JL, Sakhi M, Hambelton G, Denault EN, Mortensen LJ, Perriello LA, Bruno MN, Bertaux BY, Lawless AR, Jackson MA, Niehoff E, Barabell C, Nambu CN, Nakajima E, Reinicke T, Bowes C, Berrios-Mairena CJ, Ofoman O, Kirkpatrick GE, Thierauf JC, Reynolds K, Willers H, Beltran WG, Dighe AS, Saff R, Blumenthal K, Sullivan RJ, Chen YB, Kim A, Bardia A, Balazs AB, Iafrate AJ, Gainor JF. Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Patients With Cancer: The CANVAX Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2022 January; 40(1):12-23. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01891. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34752147/

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  • Abdool Karim SS, Kelemu S, Baxter C. COVID-19 in Africa: Catalyzing change for sustainable development. PLoS Medicine 2021 November; 18(11):e1003869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003869.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8668091/

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